Abstract: As key epipelagic and mesopelagic predators, squids' locomotor behavior directly influences population distribution, prey abundance, foraging strategies, and predator avoidance tactics. Consequently, understanding this behavior provides critical insights for the sustainable management of marine resources and the enhancement of fishing efficiency. This paper systematically reviews recent advances in the response mechanisms of squid locomotor behavior to environmental factors, with emphasis on two key aspects: physiological characteristics and kinematic mechanisms. Studies demonstrate that squids achieve dual-mode switching of jet propulsion via SMR and CMP fiber types (superficial mitochondria-rich fibers and central mitochondria-poor fibers) in the mantle musculature, coupled with dynamic regulation of the funnel aperture. This enables a dynamic trade-off between locomotor efficiency and thrust production, facilitating adaptation to diverse ecological demands. Environmental factors regulate squid locomotor behavior through distinct physiological pathways: photoperiod modulates diel vertical migration rhythms via the retinal ganglion pathway; temperature stress alters locomotor patterns through myofibrillar ATPase activity changes; dissolved oxygen gradients drive oxygen-sensitive vertical migration strategies; and ocean acidification disrupts statolith mineralization, impairing locomotor balance via impaired neuromuscular coordination. Under combined environmental stressors, squids facilitate niche re-differentiation through metabolic compensation and energy reallocation. Intraspecific aggregation strengthens anti-predatory defenses and enhances foraging efficiency via multimodal neural-sensory coupling, while interspecific competition drives spatiotemporal niche differentiation. This study establishes a multi-scale theoretical framework linking squid locomotor behaviors to ecological adaptation, providing a foundation for sustainable resource management and advancing bionic propulsion technology.