Abstract: The cultured Labeoninae carp in China include mud carp (Cirrhinus molitorella), mrigal carp (C. mrigala), and rohu carp (Labeo rohita). This paper systematically reviews research on the germplasm resources of these three species in China and abroad, covering aspects such as their origin, geographical distribution, germplasm resources, and genetic improvement. The review highlights studies using morphological parameters, isozymes, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), mitochondrial DNA sequences, and microsatellite markers to reveal genetic diversity and population genetic structure of the three carp species. It summarizes recent progress in enhancing growth rate and cold tolerance of these carps through marker-assisted selection, interspecific hybridization, and gene transfer biotechnology. Future directions for germplasm conservation and genetic breeding are also discussed, recommending strengthened germplasm collection and organization and accelerated application of modern biotechnologies in breeding programs. These recommendations provide theoretical guidance for genetic breeding research and technical support for the high-quality development of the Labeoninae carp aquaculture industry.